Cervical cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the cervix, which is the lower part of the uterus (womb) that connects to the vagina. It often develops slowly over many years, usually starting with abnormal changes to the cells on the cervix, known as precancerous changes. The main cause of cervical cancer is an infection with certain types of the human papillomavirus (HPV), a common virus that can be passed through sexual contact.

In its early stages, cervical cancer may not cause noticeable symptoms, but as it progresses, symptoms can include abnormal bleeding (between periods or after sex), pelvic pain, and pain during intercourse.

Regular cervical screening (smear tests) can detect these cell changes early, allowing for treatment before cancer develops. Vaccines against HPV are also available to reduce the risk of cervical cancer.